Knowledge

Garage is an open-source distributed object storage platform that implements the Amazon S3 API. It allows users to store data on their own infrastructure while still using S3-compatible tools and w…

Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system originally released by Google. It manages containerized applications across many machines and provides automation for scheduling, scaling…

An operating system sits between users and hardware. It manages memory, processes, files, and devices while exposing a graphical or command-line interface. - Linux - iOS - Android - macOS - Windows…

A Network Interface is the connection point between a computer and a network. It is the operating system's abstraction of a network adapter, allowing applications to send and receive network traffi…

The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes how data is transmitted over a network. It divides networking into 7 layers, where each layer has a specific responsibility during the tran…

Defines how clients (e.g., browsers) and servers communicate using a stateless request–response model. HTTP is an application-layer protocol that runs on top of TCP. HTTP follows a simple cycle: A …

TLS is a cryptographic protocol used to secure communication over a network. It is most commonly used in HTTPS, where it encrypts data between a client (browser) and a server. TLS ensures that data…

SSH is a cryptographic network protocol used to securely access and manage remote computers over an unsecured network. It is commonly used for remote server administration, file transfer, and secur…

Modern web applications are rarely a single program. Instead, they are composed of multiple services, where each service is responsible for a specific task and communicates with other services thro…

Modern applications are usually composed of multiple services (in addition to frontend, backend and database), where each service focuses on a specific responsibility. A simple web application may …

After building an application, the next challenge is making it accessible to other users. During development, services usually run locally: However, localhost (loopback interface) is only accessibl…

NAT focuses on network-level address translation, allowing packets to reach a destination through IP and port mapping. However, modern applications often require more flexible routing based on appl…